Harvard Referencing System
The Harvard style is the most commonly-used style of referencing worldwide. Unfortunately, it is not 'owned' by any institution or organisation, so no authority sets the rules. This means they have been interpreted slightly differently by different institutions. These webpages recommend a version taken from the British Standard, but you should check with your department to see if they recommend something slightly different. You can either include: and if you include this, you must also include Or you can just provide a full bibliography - check with you School regarding their requirements. Below is a checklist of the details you need to include for the common types of material cited. The layout and formatting should be exactly as it is shown, though if you do vary it, you should remain consistent throughout your bibliography: Archive/Special Collection manuscript COLVIL, S. c.1680. The Mock poem, I-II [manuscript]. Brotherton Collection, MS Lt 1. Leeds University Library, Leeds, West Yorkshire Blog NEWTON, A. 2007. Newcastle toolkit. 16 January 2007. Angela Newton: Blog [online]. [Accessed 23 February 2007]. Available from World Wide Web: <http://elgg.leeds.ac.uk/libajn/weblog/> Books (one or more authors) ADAMS, A. D. 1906. Electric transmission of water power. New York: McGraw Books (edited) Books (electronic) McROBBIE, A. 1998. British fashion design : rag trade or image industry? London: Routledge. [Accessed 31 May 2006]. Available from World Wide Web: Census statistics Chapters in edited books COFFIN, J. M. 1999. Molecular Biology of HIV. In: K.A. CRANDELL, (ed). The Evolution of HIV, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, pp.2-10. CD-ROM Who's who 1897-1998. 1998. [CD-ROM] London: Oxford University Press. Command papers GREAT BRITAIN. Criminal Law Revision Committee. 1984. Fifteenth Report: Sexual Offences. (Cmnd 9213). HMSO: London N.B. Check what abbreviation is required for Command, as this is different for different historical periods. Conference papers and proceedings ROBERTSON, J. 1986. The economics of local recovery. In: The Other Economic Summit, 17/18 April 1986, Tokyo. London: The Other Economic Summit, pp.5-10 Congress Hearing (U.S.) U.S. HOUSE. Committee on Economic and Educational Opportunities. Child care and child welfare. Hearing, 3 February 1995. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1995 Dance - live performance ASHTON, F. 1940. Dante Sonata, The Royal Ballet [performance viewed 10 July 2004, Lincoln Centre, New York] Dance - video LOCKYER, B. dir. 1979. Sadler's Wells Royal Ballet [video for television transmission], BBC TV. in association with R.M. Productions Munich [Les Patineurs, Ashton; Pineapple Poll, Cranko] Electronic discussion lists CRANSHAW, L. 2001. Nature license for 2001 and beyond: can your institution afford it? 6 Feb 2001. Available from: lis e-journals [Accessed 21 March 2002] Email communications PRITCHARD, S. Your request for Information about ISO Standards. [online]. Message to: Margaret MORRISON. 18 February 2005. [Accessed 3 March 2005]. Personal communication Eprints and preprints KLEINBLOCK, D. and G. MARGULIS. 1998. Flows of homogenous spaces and Diophantine approximation on manifolds. Annals of Mathematics, 148 (2), pp.339-360. ArXiv:math.NT/9810036 E.U. COM documents Proposal for a Council directive establishing a European Guarantee Fund to promote cinema and television production, COM (95)546, final E.U. legislation Council Regulation (EC) No. 2078/2 of 30 June 1992 on agricultural production methods compatible with the requirements of the protection of the environment and the maintenance of the countryside Film or video Chicken Run. Animated film. Directed by Peter LORD and Nick PARK. Bristol: Aardman. 2000. Film transcript COBBAN, W. and B. CAMERON. 1998. Mountie: Canada's mightiest myth [National Film Board of Canada documentary transcript]. Montreal Government departmental circular (U.K) GREAT BRITAIN. Home Office, Lord Chancellor's Department and Department of Health. (Undated). Child witness pack. Circular distributed 10 May 1993. Home Office: London Hansard HANSARD (Commons). 27 November 1986, columns 506-7 Illustration GOSSE, S. 1912. The garden, Rowlandson House. Etching and aquatint, At: London: British Museum, Department of Prints and Drawings. Register number 1915-27-41. Image (Online) NEWRY INSTITUTE. 2002. Current student [online]. [Accessed 4th December 2002]. Available from World Wide Web: <http://www.nkifhe.ac.uk/> Interview SCHAIE, K. 1993. [Personal communication]. 18 April Interview (taped) SMUTS, D. 1987. Interview with the author on 4 August 1987. Cape Town. [Cassette recording in possession of author] Journal article WALKER, J R. 1998. Citing serials: online serial publications and citation systems. Serials-Librarian, 33 (3/4), pp.343-356. Journal article (electronic) ROYALL, C.P., B.L.THIEL, and A.M. DONALD, 2001. Radiation damage of water in environmental scanning electron microscopy. Journal of Microscopy [online]. 204 (3), [Accessed 9th May 2002], p.185. Available from World Wide Web: <http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/> Law report If the year is crucial to identify the report, enclose it in square brackets e.g. Jones v. Smith [1934] All ER 123 If the law report has a volume number, and so the year is not crucial to find the case, enclose the year in round brackets e.g. R. v. Williams (1992) 2 WLR 321 FAMILY NAME, INITIAL(S). Year of presentation. Lecture title, lecture notes distributed in the topic module code (capitalised) title of module. Teaching organisation, the location on date. Do not use italics. VOLTMER, K. 2006. 'Politicians and the press: Models of interaction', lecture notes distributed in the topic COMM5610 Politics and the Media. Leeds University, Man-Made Fibres Building on 17 April. Major reference works Map MASON, J. 1832. Map of the countries lying between Spain and India, 1:8,000,000. London: Ordnance Survey Microform ADSON, J. 1621. Courtly masquing ayres, composed to 5. and 6. parts, for violins, consorts, and cornets [Microfilm]. Available: Early English books, 1475-1640: 906:1 Mintel report MINTEL MARKETING INTELLIGENCE. (1998). Designerwear: Mintel Marketing Report. London: Mintel International Group Music (published) BRITTAIN, B. 1980. Eight folk songs arrangements for high voice and harp. Osain ELLIS, (ed). London: Faber Music. Newspaper article WEBSTER, B. New speed camera puts more drivers in the frame. 2006. Times, 24 May, p.1 Newspaper cartoon BELL, S. 2006. "The alleged al-Qaida threat to Los Angeles". Guardian. 10 February 2006, p.29 Organisation report NSPCC. (Unpublished, 1988) NSPCC submission to the Home Office Advisory Group on the admissibility of video recorded interviews. Report dated September 1988 Painting VAN GOGH, V. 1888. Sunflowers, oil on canvas, 92.1 x 73 cm. National Gallery, London Parliamentary act (U.K.) Access to Justice Act 1999: Elizabeth II. Chapter 22. The Stationery Office, 1999 Patents and patent applications PHILIP MORRIS INC. 1981. Optical perforating apparatus and system. European patent application 0021165 A1. 1981-01-07. Press release NSPCC. 1993. NSPCC launches justice for children campaign. Press release, issued 17 March 1993 Senate report (U.S.) U.S. SENATE. Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. Franklin D. Roosevelt's Family Lands: Report together with minority views (to accompany s. 134). (S. Rpt. 104-32). Washington: Government Printing Office, 1995 Sound recording THE COASTERS. 1958. Sorry but I'm gonna (sic) have to pass. New York: WEA International Inc. A4591C. Stereo Audiocassette, 3min. Standards BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION. 1990. BS5605:1990. Recommendations for citing and referencing published material. Milton Keynes: BSI. Television advertisement COCA COLA. 2006. Santa handing bottles of coke to a girl every year at Christmas until she turns into a woman (30 secs). Television advertisement, ITV3. Screened 01/12/2006-25/12/2006. Television broadcast Prison Break, Episode 210, Rendezvous. TV, Five, 2007 March 19. 22.00 hrs. Theatre performance (devised production) ODIN TEATRET. 1990. The Castle of Hostelbro, perf. Julia VARNEY, dir. Eugenio BARBA. International tour: Nordisk Teaterlaboratorium/ Teatro Tascabile Theatre performance (production of an authored play) SHAKESPEARE, W. 1989. Pericles, Prince of Tyre, dir. David THACKER, The Swan in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warks: Royal Shakespeare Company. First performance: 6 September 1989 Theses and dissertations GILL, M.R. 1997. The relationship between the physical properties of human articular cartilage and tissue biochemistry and ultrastructure. Ph.D. thesis, University of Leeds. Unpublished documents FENDELL, R. 1985? Training and management for primary healthcare. Unpublished. Website with author HAWKING, S. Website with no author Feminist Collections A Quarterly of Women's Studies Resources. 2002. [online]. [Accessed 9th May 2002]. Available from World Wide Web: <http://www.library.wisc.edu/libraries/WomensStudies/fcmain.htm> Wikis WIKIPEDIA. 2007. Socrates [online]. [Accessed 23rd January 2007]. Available from World Wide Web:<http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Socrates&action=history> YouTube video YANGSTER391991. 2007. Kunfu mix wit breakdance!!! [online]. [Accessed 23 February 2007]. Available from World Wide Web: <http://youtube.com/watch?v=qMZoZsRZxKY>
FAMILY NAME, INITIAL(S). Date. Title [material type]. Collection, shelfmark. Library, City, County
FAMILY NAME, INITIAL(S). Year. Title of blog entry. Date blog entry written. Title of Blog [online]. [Date accessed]. Available from World Wide Web: <URL>
Take the information from the title page and the reverse of the title page:
FAMILY NAME, INITIAL(S). Year. Title. City of publication: Publisher
Write (ed) or (eds) after the editor's name(s):
FAMILY NAME, INITIAL(S). (ed). Year. Title. City of publication: Publisher
CRANDELL, K.A. (ed). 1999. The Evolution of HIV. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press
FAMILY NAME, INITIAL(S). Year. Title. City of publication: Publisher. [ Date accessed]. Available from World Wide Web: <URL>
<http://leeds.etailer.dpsl.net/Home/html/moreinfo.asp?isbn=0203168011>
DEPOSITOR, Title [computer file]. ESRC/JISC Census Programme, Census Data Support Unit, University in which the unit is based.
OFFICE FOR NATIONAL STATISTICS, 2001 Census: Standard Area Statistics (England and Wales) [computer file]. ESRC/JISC Census Programme, Census Dissemination Unit, MIMAS (University of Manchester)
Use the title page and reverse title page of the book and the chapter heading itself:
FAMILY NAME, INITIAL(S). Year. Chapter title. In: Initial(s) FAMILY NAME OF EDITOR(S), (eds). Title of book. City of publication: Publisher. Page number of your quotation
Use the accompanying material:
Title. Year. [CD-ROM]. City of publication: Publisher.
GREAT BRITAIN. Department/Committee. Year. Title. (Command no). HMSO: London
Use the title page and reverse title page of the full proceedings and the headings for the paper:
FAMILY NAME, INITIAL(S). Year. Title of paper. In: Editor(s) of conference proceedings if known. Title of conference, date of conference, location of conference. Place of publication: publisher. Page number(s)
U.S. HOUSE. Committee. Title. Hearing, date. Washington: Government Printing Office, Year
CHOREOGRAPHER. Premiere date. Title.[Date seen and where].
DIRECTOR/PRODUCER. Year published or first transmission. Title of video or programme [type of medium e.g. video], Production company or Publisher [further details to identify dance works]
FAMILY NAME, INITIAL(S). Year. Title. Date added. Available from: Discussion group title [Date accessed]
FAMILY NAME, INITIAL(S). Title. [online]. Message to: Recipient. Date sent. [Date accessed]. Personal communication
FAMILY NAME, INITIAL(S). Year. Title of article. Journal title, Volume (issue number), page numbers. Prefix.Eprint number
Title, COM (last 2 digits of the year)serial number, final
Institutional origin (e.g. Commission/ Council) form (e.g. Regulation, directive, decision) institutional treaty (e.g. EEC/EC, ECSC, Euratom) Unique number/ last 2 digits of year of enactment on date passed on title of legislation
Title. Material designation. Subsidiary originator (director is preferred). Production details - place: organisation. Year.
FAMILY NAME, INITIAL(S). Year. Title. [Location of transcript]. City
GREAT BRITAIN. Office, Department. Year. Title. Circular distributed: date. Office: London
HANSARD (House). Date, column numbers
ORIGINATOR. Year. Title. Material type, location.
ORIGINATOR. Year. Title of image [online]. [Date accessed]. Available from World Wide Web: <url of site>
FAMILY NAME, INITIAL(S). Year. [Personal communication]. Date interview conducted
FAMILY NAME, INITIAL(S). Year. Interview with the author on Date. City. [Cassette recording in possession of author]
Use the title page of the journal volume or issue and the article:
FAMILY NAME, INITIAL(S). Year. Title of article. Journal title. Volume (issue number), page number of your quotation
Use information from the web site and the article:
FAMILY NAME, INITIAL(S). Year. Title of article. Journal title [online]. Volume (issue number) [Date accessed], page number of your quotation. Available from World Wide Web: <url of site>
Law reports do not form part of the Harvard system of citations, the examples below are accepted ways of referencing law reports.
Parties in the case [Year] Abbreviation of law report Page
Parties in the case (Year) volume number Abbreviation of law report Page
Editor and publisher of a well-known reference work can be omitted, but cite the page numbers consulted:
T itle.Year. s.v. Section heading, page number of your quotation (NB: sub-verbo, this means 'look under' and directs the reader to find it under another heading, in this case the section)
New Encyclopaedia Britannica. 1988. s.v. Microradiography, 15th ed. p.1374
ORIGINATOR'S SURNAME, INITIAL(S). Year. Title, scale. City: Publisher
FAMILY NAME, INITIAL(S). Year. Title [Medium]. Available: Title of microform collection: reel number/ fiche number
MINTEL MARKETING INTELLIGENCE. (Year). Title. City of publication: Publisher
ORIGINATOR. Year. Title. Subsidiary originator. City of publication: Publisher.
FAMILY NAME, INITIAL(S). Title of article. Year. Newspaper title, date, page number of your quotation
CARTOONIST. Year. "Title of cartoon." Newspaper title. Date, Page
ORGANISATION. (Unpublished, year). Title. Report dated date
ARTIST. Year. Title, material type, measurements. Art Gallery, City.
Title Year: Monarch. Chapter. The Stationery Office, Year
This information is found on the title page of the patent:
NAME OF ORIGINATOR. Year. Title of patent document. Patent code. Patent number
ORGANISATION. Year. Title. Press release, issued date
U.S. SENATE. Committee. Title. (Report number). Washington: Government Printing Office, Year
ORIGINATOR. Year. Title. Place of publication and Name of publisher (separated by a colon). Ref No. Sound type medium. Length.
This information is found on the title page of the standard:
AUTHOR OF STANDARD.
Year. Standard Number and Year (separated by a colon). Title of standard. Place of publication and Name of publisher (separated by a colon).
COMPANY/PRODUCT. Year produced. Description of advert (duration). Television advertisement, channel. Screened dates
Series title and number and title of episode. Transmitting organisation and channel, full date and time of transmission.
FAMILY NAME, INITIAL(S)/PRODUCTION COMPANY. Year. Title, performer, director. International tour: Theatre company
FAMILY NAME, INITIAL(S). Year. Title, director, theatre: theatre company. First performance: Date performance started
Use the title page of the thesis:
FAMILY NAME, INITIAL(S). Year. Title. Type of qualification, academic institution
If unsure of the date, make a sensible guess and use a question mark:
FAMILY NAME, INITIAL(S). Year. Title. Unpublished.
Take the information from the webpage itself or the associated homepage - use the title bar and the credits at the bottom of the page, your own date of viewing the page and insert the words [online] and Available from World Wide Web:
FAMILY NAME, INITIAL(S). Year. Title [online]. [Date accessed]. Available from World Wide Web : <url of site>
2000. Professor Stephen Hawking's website [online]. [Accessed 9th May 2002]. Available from World Wide Web: <http://www.hawking.org.uk/home/hindex.html>
Take the information from the webpage itself or the associated homepage - use the title bar and the credits at the bottom of the page, your own date of viewing the page and insert the words [online] and Available from World Wide Web:
Title of website.Year as appearing on site [online]. [Date accessed]. Available from World Wide Web : <url of site>
WIKI NAME. Date. Title of article [online]. [Date accessed]. Available from World Wide Web:<url of site>
SCREEN NAME. Year. Title [online]. [Date Accessed]. Available from World Wide Web: <URL>
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